A baseline is the approved version of a work product that serves as a reference point for measuring project performance. Once established, a baseline can only be modified through formal change control procedures. It provides a standard for comparing actual project results to the original plan.
Key Aspects of a Baseline
- Fixed Reference Point – Establishes a snapshot of project scope, cost, or schedule at a specific time.
- Used for Performance Tracking – Compares planned vs. actual progress to identify deviations.
- Change-Controlled – Modifications require formal approval to ensure project integrity.
- Supports Decision-Making – Provides stakeholders with clear visibility into project health.
Types of Baselines
- Scope Baseline – Defines the approved project scope, including requirements and deliverables.
- Schedule Baseline – The approved project timeline, including start and end dates.
- Cost Baseline – The approved project budget, used to monitor expenditures.
- Performance Measurement Baseline (PMB) – A combination of scope, schedule, and cost baselines used in earned value management (EVM).
Example Scenarios
Construction Project
- A project manager sets a schedule baseline of 12 months for a building project. If actual work extends to 14 months, variance analysis helps determine the cause of the delay.
Software Development
- A scope baseline for a mobile app includes specific features such as user authentication and push notifications. If new features are added, formal change control is required.
Budget Control
- A cost baseline for a product launch is set at $500,000. If expenses exceed this, project managers analyze cost overruns and adjust spending accordingly.
Why Baselines Matter
- Enable Performance Measurement – Help track deviations from the approved plan.
- Support Change Control – Ensure modifications are evaluated before implementation.
- Improve Forecasting – Provide historical data to enhance future project planning.
- Enhance Accountability – Establish clear expectations for project outcomes.
See also: Cost Baseline, Performance Measurement Baseline, Schedule Baseline, Scope Baseline.